修改配置：

sudo vi /etc/docker/daemon.json

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{
  "proxies": {
    "http-proxy": "http://127.0.0.1:1080",
    "https-proxy": "http://127.0.0.1:1080",
    "no-proxy": "*.example.com,localhost,127.0.0.0/8"
  }
}

重启服务：

sudo systemctl restart docker

ref: https://docs.docker.com/engine/daemon/proxy/

Comments: (on github issue)